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The family jewels, it is a sign of our manhood and our strength. Men take all health issues about the penis seriously. We just want the best and not suffer humiliation or miss out on great sex. Some worry more on size or erections, but it all comes down to the big finale; ejaculation. Over time, the focus on the power of ejaculation has increased. Men not only worry about the power of their ejaculation but also on enjoying sex by having more volume in ejaculation. All this affects on our sexual identity but most important our pleasure and our partners pleasure. So are you worried you may not have a potent ejaculation volume? Worried that it will affect your sex life? When should a man be concerned about his ejaculate volume and potency? Sometimes a dramatic decrease in ejaculate volume may indicate blockage of one of the ejaculatory ducts. This is associated with the prostate so it’s good to check with your doctor on this before it gets worse. Decreased semen volume may also just be a normal part of aging. But you’re not just going to sit back and let aging to anything else keep you from enjoying sex. You need a solution. The advantages of having more semen volume and power are numerous. By increasing semen volume the load is not only bigger, more impressive and more pleasurable, but much more potent, too. The larger the volume of semen and sperm that's available for each ejaculation, the more contractions it takes to shoot all of it—and each contraction is stronger and more intense. The male ejaculation, typically quite a brief event, can become a much longer-lasting experience. Your partner will be amazed and you’ll be satisfied. So where can you get the magical potion? You can thank the power of nature. That’s right, nature. Sometimes we think chemically based medicines provide solutions but in this case Viagra won’t work and with all the possible side effects it’s not worth the risk. Nature provides man with herbs and all natural remedies that promote a healthier sex life and help increase semen volume and stamina. Take for example horny goat weed. It’s a self explanatory name of course. This plant boosts your testosterone and libido thereby giving you a stronger ejaculation. Other major herbs that will allow you to shoot father are Maca, muira puama, para para and more other freaky scientific names. So where can you get these ingredients? Of course you just can go to your back yard and pick some horny goat weed or muira puama. These herbs are found in certain places and grown precisely to provide the best results. Thanks to major industries, they’ve done all the work for you. Pills are big on the market right now, but only a few really give you real results. You have to make sure that penis pills are 100% natural. Do some investigation it’s better to be safe then sorry in this case. Look up the ingredients and make sure that there are no side effects. With the right dosage and blend of ingredients your body will be provided with the nutrients needed to create quality, thick sperm with good motility and life. http://www.macaenhancer.com truth about pennis enlargement vimax penis enlargement procedure penis enlarement male penis enhancement penis enhancement result penis enlargement testimonials easy enlargement free pennis surgery way penis enlargment forum

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There are a number of prostate supplements on the market all promising to boost male health and prevent BPH and prostate cancer. But not all of these natural remedies have science behind them, so it's important to choose wisely when it comes to men's health supplements. By the age of fifty, over half of the male population will face a condition known as benign prostate hypertrophy, an enlargement of the gland caused by the accumulation of DHT, a derivative of testosterone. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including a lack of the mineral zinc, a vitamin B6 deficiency, fatty acid depletion, toxins, bacteria or pesticides. Any of these can contribute to the conversion of testosterone to DHT, causing the gland to swell. Supplements for prostate health can address these issues, and not only help prevent BPH but also help alleviate the pain and slow the progression of an existing prostate problem. That's why more and more men are turning to natural prostate supplements to give them a fighting chance and decrease their risk of prostate cancer. One of the most popular and well-researched prostate suppliments is saw palmetto, an herb from a tree native to the Atlantic seaboard. The active ingredient of this herb is beta sitosterol, a powerful compound that can actually interfere with the conversion of testosterone to DHT. As such it can prevent enlargement of the gland. It has also been shown to go one step further and shrink the prostate as well as relieve urinary problems associated with the condition. Red clover is another of the popular supplements for prostate health, and acts in a similar fashion to saw palmetto extract. It's a member of the pea family, and can inhibit DHT formation through its powerful antioxidant ability. In addition to the prostate herbs there are vitamins, minerals and other nutrients that can be helpful to men. As we mentioned above, a lack of zinc can exacerbate the problem, so ensuring that your body gets enough of this essential nutrient is crucial. It is also an important part of many other body processes. The B Family of vitamins can also help; in particular B6 should be present in all prostate supplements. This vitamin regulates the hormone involved in testosterone conversion to DHT. As such it is able to ensure that benign prostate hypertrophy is kept in check, and even prevented. Another nutrient making headlines is lycopene, which can be found in many popular male formulas. This is a powerful extract from tomatoes which can reduce inflammation and prevent the onset of prostate cancer. Although you can get it from eating tomatoes, a supplement can ensure lycopene content, where the fruit might be lacking by the time it hits store shelves. Before choosing any supplements for prostate health, make sure you speak with your doctor first and discuss your options. Although many prostate suppliments are available as stand alone products, you might reap more benefits from a comprehensive formula that contains herbal extracts, vitamins, minerals and other ingredients for male health. Since BPH affects so many men, it's important that we learn as much as we can about this condition. Prostate supplements just might be the answer to the problem. penis enlargement procedure home penis enargement manual penile enlargment penis enargement secret free pennis enlargement exercise pnis enlargement operation penile enlargement supplement herbal penis enhancement pills vimax penis enlargement before and after photo

Plastic surgery is fast becoming acceptable to the society, even by those with conservative standards. While it has long been used for medical purposes only, nowadays, people have turned to the surgical knife to improve their appearance. Although this medical practice has been around for a while, not many people know that plastic surgery dates back to two millenia ago, in India. It has just caught fire in the 19th and 20th century because surgeries before were definitely not a safe procedure. Perhaps, St. Ignatius of Loyola is one of the first few people who had plastic surgery done purely for aesthetic reasons — his leg was hurt in the war and he did not like his limp, it did not do well with the ladies. There are two main kinds of plastic surgery: reconstructive surgery, and cosmetic surgery. There is no definite black and white when separating the two types as they generally include techniques from both fields. Reconstructive surgery is usually employed for medical purposes, and some common examples include: * cleft lip surgery * breast reconstruction surgery for those who have had mastectomy * contracture surgery for burn survivors * sex reassignment surgery Cosmetic surgery on the other had, is done mostly for aesthetic enhancement. When one is considering cosmetic surgery, it is best to be extremely careful in choosing a doctor as less than skillful hands can mar the body and self-esteem for life. All types of surgery always include a considerable amount of risk. Remember, cheaper is not necessarily more value, and second, even third opinions are helpful. Listen to receommendations of friends and select from the members of a certified and accredited medical organization such as the American Society of Plastic Surgery, which must be recognized by the American Board of Medical Specialties. There are actually other laypersons who have created their own credible-sounding organization to lure in unsuspecting patients. Make sure you pick on a plastic surgeon with appropriate credentials. Take a look at their portfolio of patients, their before and after pictures to get a grasp of what you're getting into. Don't be afraid to communicate with the surgeon in order to avoid any miscommunication or mistakes. Different types of cosmetic surgery include: * Tummy tuck (abdominoplasty) * Liposuction * Collagen, fat, and other tissue filler injections * Eyelid surgery (blepharoplasty) * Mastoplexy (breast lift) * Nose job (rhinoplasty) * Cheek augmentation * Chin augmentation * Breast reduction/enlargement (augmentation mammaplasty) * Buttock augmentation There are some people who actually become addicted to cosmetic surgery. These people are diagnosed with a body dysmorphic disorder, which involves having a disturbed body image. People who have these are extremely critical of their appearance, causing them to have repeated cosmetic surgeries, which in turn can cause irreparable damage to their human body structure. This disease can affect one in 50 people. Cosmetic surgery can cause people to have a "rejuvenated" self-image although it is necessary to take caution and not go overboard with too many procedures. It can turn into an ugly, costly, and irreversible addiction. If one is interested in having their physical appearance augmented, one must consider the following seriously: * The surgeon. Choose one with the necessary qualifications and ask around if necessary. Rely on your gut feeling. You shouldn't have to feel suspicious about anything. * The procedure. Do your research so you know what you're getting into. Remember, it's never too late to back out of what you don't feel comfortable doing, lest you're surgically inducing your way to a permanent mistake. male penis enlarement compare penile enlargment pills free penile enlargement exercise manual pnis enlargement do penis enlargement pill really work penis elargement excersizes free exercise tip for penis enhancement vimax free penis enlargement video vimax penis enlargement before and after photo

WHICH REMEDY FOR BALDNESS WORKS? With each remedy for baldness I have split up into two categories: "drugs" and "natural". Both remedies for baldness are said to work to a degree. The drugs (creams and pills) have had various clinical trials performed on them, but on the downside they are occasionally susceptible to unwanted side-effects. The natural remedies for baldness most often have had no clinical trials attached, merely word of mouth recommendations, but normally have fewer side-effects (at least less unwanted ones) reported. If you are unsure on which type to try, it is possible to try both (but please get advice from a physician before doing so). ALLOPATHIC REMEDIES FOR BALDNESS Before I start on any allopathic remedies for baldness, I have to explain the current thinking in science behind the causes of losing hair so that the mechanism and effectiveness of the drugs are easily understood. Men convert excess testosterone into a more potent form called DHT by the enzyme 5a reductase. The DHT is highly active on the hair follicle receptors, readily latching to them and restricting blood flow to the hair. This causes the hair to become thin and miniturized creating the "peach fuzz" look. There is apparantly a greater quantity of this enzyme in the scalp of men who are susceptible to male pattern baldness.[1] Women, however, have excess of the enzyme aromatase which converts their testosterone into a form of active estrogen called estradiol. The theory is that after women hit menopause, their levels of natural estrogen lowers letting the testosterone be converted into DHT which makes them more susceptible to losing hair post menopausal. However, that doesn't explain why post andropausal men lose hair when they become older and their testosterone levels die down.[1] Well, that's the theory, so now lets look at each remedy for baldness in turn and determine its effectiveness and availability as of July 2006. Below is a list of each remedy for baldness: Rogaine (Minoxidol) Propecia (Finasteride) ROGAINE Mechanism - unclear. Seems to open potassium availabilty to the hair. Effectiveness - average increase of hair per cm2 was 18.5% after 48 weeks. 1 to 3 months after stopping, hair condition returns to pre-treatment levels. Side-effects - Dizziness has been reported. Local irritation, itching, dryness, and erythema may occur with use of topical minoxidil, most likely caused by the vehicle formulation of alcohol and propylene glycol.[2] Availability - over the counter. Cost - $10 to $15 per bottle (one month). PROPECIA Mechanism - inhibits the 5a reductase enzyme responsible for DHT production. Effectiveness - A third study of 326 men with mild to moderate frontal hair loss found that after 1 year, finasteride treated men had statistically significantly higher hair counts on the frontal scalp. Approximately 50% of treatedmen and 30% of those who took placebo thought the appearance of their hair had improved. Hair regrowth was not reported in older men taking 5 mg finasteride. Side-effects - A decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, or a decreased volume of ejaculate have been reported in less than 2% of patients, which in reality is between 0.5% to 1% when compared with placebo.[2] Availability - was prescription only. Generic version now available. Cost - $69.95 for 3 months NATURAL REMEDIES FOR BALDNESS Most natural remedies for baldness also work by blocking DHT, either by inhibiting the enzyme or blocking the hair follicle receptor, or providing the nutrient for the hair follicle receptor which DHT blocks. There is also an alternative interpretation of the "DHT alone causes hair loss " theory. Some believe that it is too much active estrogen-like substances as well as too much DHT that is to blame for prostate cancer and losing hair, and not enough free testosterone in the body.[3] This sounds contradictory to the allopathic arguement, and concerning estrogen it is. Some naturopaths say that it is all about what blocks the hair follicle receptors. It is these protein receptors which attract nutrients to the hair. DHT and estrogen-like pollutants both block the receptor.[3] Apparently, certain bacteria which thrive on fat, produce estrogen-like substances[4], and there is excess of the aromatase enzyme (which turns testosterone into estrogen) present in fat cells of obese and balding men. Aging, a high fat diet and lack of exercise can create too much estrogen and too little testosterone. Even if testosterone is at normal levels, active estrogen levels can still be way too high.[3] Although this doesn't explain why women with high estrogen levels don't get male pattern baldness. Here is a list of each remedy for baldness and nutrient: Beta Sistosterol (from the herb: Saw Palmetol) Chrysin (from the herb: Passionflower) Vitamin D Vitamin B12 Biotin (vitamin B7) Iron and L-lysine (for women) Folligen (copper peptide) Soy Rooibos tea BETA SISTOSTEROL Mechanism - blocks DHT from the androgen receptors sites found on the hair follicles. Effectiveness - untested. Mixed reviews from people on health forums. Side-effects - None, but side-effects of the herb Saw Palmetol can be male breast enlargement.[2] Availability - over the counter. Cost - 90 Capsules 400mg $7.95. CHRYSIN Mechanism - increases free testosterone by inhibiting the conversion to estrodiol. Effectiveness - shown to be effective at stopping aromatase in the petridish, but not in the body. Not known if it helps with losing hair.[5] Not a proven remedy for baldness. Side-effects - none. Availability - over the counter. Cost - MRM, Chrysin 500, 30 Caps. $14.99. VITAMIN D Mechanism - binds to the many vitamin D receptors in the scalp and hair follicle. Effectiveness - shown to dramatically stimulate hair follicle growth in "nude" mice.[6] Side-effects - none, unless taken over 50 micrograms per day. Availability - over the counter. Cost - 400iu (10 micrograms) 60 capsules $4.99. VITAMIN B12 Mechanism - deficiency causes hair loss.[7] Effectiveness - 40% of Americans are deficient. Not proven to remedy hair loss if taken.[8] Side-effects - None, unless taken over 100 mcg daily. Availability - over the counter. Cost - 1000 mcg, Tablets $7.99. BIOTIN (VITAMIN B7) Mechanism - increases blood flow to the hair follicle.[9] Effectiveness - it can promote hair growth in high doses, although not a proven remedy for baldness. Side-effects - none. Availability - over the counter. Cost - 300mcg tablets $2.99. IRON AND L-LYSINE (for women) Mechanism - deficiencies in both these nutrients have been associated with losing hair in women.[10] Interacts with zinc and copper.[11] Effectiveness - proven effective remedy for baldness for women with losing hair.[10] Side-effects - none unless taken over 250 mg daily (iron). Availability - over the counter. Cost - 100 Tablets $7.29 FOLLIGEN (copper peptide) Mechanism - most effective blocker of the production of both types of 5a reductase enzyme.[12] Effectiveness - low copper and zinc enzyme levels caused hair loss in mice.[13] A topical copper peptide solution created near perfect hair rejuvenation in 6 months in a woman with 10% of her hair at the start.[14] No studies on the remedy for baldness Folligen itself, but some reports of success by women on forums. Side-effects - none. Availability - over the counter. Cost - 2 oz tube, $21.95. 2 months. SOY Mechanism - promotes the production of the good inactive estrogen. Blocks the receptor sites for active estrogen and inhibits 5a reductase.[3] Effectiveness - proven to inhibit the enzyme 5a reductase.[15] Side-effects - none. Availability - over the counter. A food substance, not a remedy for baldness. Cost - ? ROOIBOS TEA Mechanism - unclear. Effectiveness - in a 10% lotion called herbasol, 89% had increased speed of hair growth. 45% saw an increase in hair growth. 78% reported no further hair loss.[2] Side-effects - none. Availability - over the counter. A food substance, not a remedy for baldness except as above. Cost - ? I would personally recommend trying Beta Sistosterol with a powerful multi-vitamin and mineral supplement coupled with the Folligen solution as a good remedy for baldness. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] Have Scientists Accidentally Discovered the Answer to hair loss? http://www.emaxhealth.com/65/6131.html [2] Treatments for hair loss. http://www.hairlosstalk.com/download/sawaya1.pdf [3] Grow Young and Slim http://www.growyoungandslim.com/articles/Mens_Health_102a.pdf [4] Health Loss Education http://www.stuff4beauty.com/page/hairlosseducation.htm [5] Chrysin: Is It An Effective Aromatase Inhibitor? http://www.vrp.com/art/1208.asp [6] Vitamin D3 analogs stimulate hair growth in nude mice. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12399436&query_hl=41 [7] Diet and Nutrition - vitamin B12. http://www.internethealthlibrary.com/DietandNutrition/VitaminB12.htm [8] Do You Need B-12? http://thyroid.about.com/cs/newsinfo/l/blb12anemia.htm?terms=vitamin+B12+and+Tufts+ [9] Biotin and Hair Growth http://www.add-hair.com/Biotin-hair-loss.htm [10] Nutritional factors and hair loss. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2230.2002.01076.x/abs/ [11] Interaction of iron, zinc and copper in the body of animals and humans http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2700243&dopt=Abstract [12] Folligen http://www.folligen.com/ [13] Age-related cochlear hair cell loss is enhanced in mice lacking copper/zinc superoxide dismutase http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10466888&dopt=Abstract [14] Have Scientists Accidentally Discovered the Answer to hair loss? http://www.emaxhealth.com/65/6131.html [15] Regulation of Male Sex Hormone Levels by Soy Isoflavones in Rats http://www.leaonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/S15327914NC422_9;jsessionid=nFFp1FovOhX-OhcS3V?cookieSet=1&journalCode=nc penis enlarement traction device penis elargement system easy enlargement free penile surgery way best penis enhancement pennis enlargement surgery cost easy enargement free penis surgery way top rated penis enargement pills vimax penis pill vimax penis enlargement before and after photo

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Intake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide are the primary functions of the respiratory system. The respiratory system carries out these life-sustaining acts in close coordination with the circulatory system. Most of the time, we remain blissfully unaware of these automatic functions. The respiratory organs deliver oxygen to the circulatory system. The circulatory system transports the oxygen to all body cells. Oxygen is used by cells to liberate the energy needed for cellular activities. The respiratory system also removes carbon dioxide. Thus, the circulatory system prevents the buildup of this lethal waste byproduct in the body tissues. Irreversible damage to tissues can occur if the respiratory system is halted even for a few minutes. This can cause failure of all the other body systems. The consequence is death! NOSE COMMENCES THE RESPIRATORY PROCESS The respiratory system begins from the nose. It ends in the lungs. The respiratory system is broadly divided into two parts, viz., the upper and the lower respiratory tracts. The upper respirator tract is made up of the nose and the throat (pharynx). The lower respiratory tract includes five organs. They are the voice box (larynx), and the windpipe (trachea), bronchi, bronchioles and the lungs. The trachea splits into the two branches called bronchi. The bronchi further gets divided into further smaller branches called bronchioles. The lungs are a pair of spongy saclike organs. The bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx and the nose transport air to and from the lungs. It is the lungs that interact with the circulatory system for delivering oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from the lungs. THE RESPIRATION PROCESS Respiration is a two-pronged process. It involves the respiratory and the circulatory systems. Respiration connotes the coordinated functioning whereby the cells are delivered oxygen and the lethal carbon dioxide is removed. The first phase: The nose begins the first phase of respiration. This is done with inhaling or inhalation (breathing in). The process brings in air along with oxygen from outside the body into the lungs. From the lungs, oxygen goes via the blood vessels to the heart. The heart pumps the oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body. The first phase of respiration ends with the oxygen moving into the cells from the bloodstream. The second phase: The second phase commences after the oxygen gets into the cells. The cells use the oxygen to produce energy. This independent process is called cellular respiration. It produces the byproduct -- carbon dioxide. The accumulated carbon dioxide now moves from the cells to the bloodstream. Next, the bloodstream transports the carbon dioxide to the heart. Then, the carbon dioxide-laden blood is pumped back to the lungs. The third phase: Again the nose comes into picture during this stage. The lungs push the byproduct to the nose from where it is exhaled or breathed out. This is the final or the third stage when the body gets rid of the carbon dioxide. At the end of the third stage or the entire respiratory cycle another one starts automatically. OTHER FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM The respiratory system further regulates the balance of acid and base in tissues. This balancing act is crucial for the normal functioning of cells. It protects the body against disease-causing organisms and toxic substances inhaled with air. The respiratory system also houses the cells that detect smell. Moreover, the respiratory system assists in the production of sounds for speech. THE OLFACTORY NERVE The brownish olfactory nerve is also called olfactory receptors. The olfactory nerve inside the nose is the main nerve of smell. The olfactory region is made up of thick nasal soft mucous membrane. Its brownish color is because of a pigment. The olfactory nerve ends in minute varicose fibers (several small branches). These fibers ultimately conclude in the epithelial cells. Mentionably, the epithelial cells project into the nasal free surface. The olfactory nerve is the first to know of any chemicals that may enter the nasal passages. The receptors immediately trigger off a signal to the brain. This creates the smell perception. THE ESOPHAGUS Esophagus is a muscular tube. The esophagus carries food from the throat to the stomach. The esophagus and the pharynx situated behind the mouth swallow the food and move it to the stomach. The stomach temporarily stores the food, mixes it with digestive juices, and carries out some digestion. The esophagus also holds the stomach contents in place. Actually, this function is carried out by the lower esophageal sphincter. This sphincter is a muscle. It is located at the lower end of the esophagus. THE PHARYNX The pharynx is a passageway for both air and food. The pharynx connects the nose and mouth with the windpipe (trachea) and the food pipe (esophagus). The pharynx is a muscular tube. The pharynx is located within the neck. The pharynx is lined with a mucous membrane. The pharynx is approximately five inches (13 cm) in length. The pharynx lies in the front of the spinal column. The upper portion of the pharynx is known as nasopharynx. The name arises as it begins in the back of the nasal cavity.. The lower part is oropharynx. It points to that area in the back of the mouth. The pharynx ends at the epiglottis. Epiglottis is a flap of cartilage. Epiglottis prevents food from entering the trachea. However, the epiglottis allows the food to enter the esophagus. Two eustachian tubes connect the pharynx to the middle ear. These eustachian equalizes the eardrums air pressure. The pharynx can be infected via the mouth as well as the nose. Sore throat involves pharynx infection (pharyngitis) or throat inflammation. Pharyngitis can be due to infectious mononucleosis, herpes, and viral infections. The viral infections are German measles (rubella), influenza, and common cold. It can also be caused by bacteria like staphylococcal, streptococcal, chlamydial, and diphtherial. These bacteria multiply cause sore throat by multiplying rapidly within the pharynx. Tonsils and Adenoids Among the adults the pharynx contains the tonsils, while among the children the pharynx contains the adenoids. Tonsils: Tonsils are lymphoid tissues at the back of the throat. Tonsils form a tissue ring around the pharynx or the throat. Tonsils are cells. Tonsils are similar to the bloodstream lymphocytes. Tonsils are embedded in fibrous connective tissues. Tonsils are covered by a single epithelium layer. The lymphoid cells are phagocytic. The cells protect the pharynx from bacteria that can cause diseases. Tonsils may become inflamed and chronically or acutely infected. This condition is called tonsillitis. It is generally caused by streptococcus infection. During tonsillitis and streptococcal, the tissues surrounding the tonsils form pus. Then a whitish coat forms over the tonsils which can appear as white specks. This state is called quinsy. When the pharyngeal tonsils become inflamed they become abnormally large. They are called adenoids. Acute cases of tonsillitis are often treated by antibiotics like penicillin. Chronic recurrent tonsillitis may be treated by tonsillectomy (surgical removal of the tonsils). Adenoids: Adenoids are lymphoid tissue at the back of the throat. Adenoids usually shrink and disappear by adolescence. Enlargement of this tissue is common among children. Such a state can interfere with breathing. Symptoms of enlarged adenoids include restless sleep, snoring, breathing via mouth, and a nasal voice. Earlier, these tissues were removed in children. It was thought that inflamed adenoids led to recurrent colds and infections. Nowadays, this condition is recognized as benign. As a result, there are lesser adenoidectomies. THE LARYNX From the pharynx, the inhaled air moves to the larynx. The larynx is about five inches (13 cm) in length. The larynx is located in the central part of the neck. The larynx is made up of several layers of flexible but tough cartilage, a tissue. Mentionably, during puberty the males experience a protrusion of the cartilage. This enlarged prominent extension at the neck is called the Adam’s apple. FUNCTIONS OF THE LARYNX The larynx primarily transports air to the wind pipe (trachea). Besides, the larynx also helps in producing the sounds. The epiglottis -- a leaflike thin tissue portion of the larynx -- further prevents the food from entering the trachea (thus obviating the possibility of choking). Moreover, the cilia cells as well as the mucous membrane of the larynx also filter air. The cilia cells take the airborne substances towards the pharynx where they are swallowed. The epiglottis: The epiglottis stem is attached to the top and the front portions of the larynx. When the epiglottis remains in a vertical position, it acts like a trap door. This happens during the breathing process. But as a person starts swallowing, a reflexive action forces the epiglottis and the larynx to move near each other toward each other. This coming closer of the epiglottis and the larynx forms a protective seal. As a result, the fluids and food are specifically sent towards the food pipe (esophagus). When the reflexive action doesn’t work: What happens when the reflexive action doesn’t function is that the food can enter the larynx. This happens when one eats the meal fats or when one laughs while swallowing. The result is that there will be a recurrent cough impelled choking effect. At times this apparently simple choking effect can even be life-threatening. The cough is the body’s reflexive action to clear the larynx of the impediment. Whenever such choking takes place, someone must thump the back portion between the shoulder blades several times. This will help the person to get over the choking effect. The Heimlich maneuver: The Heimlich maneuver clears the windpipe of obstructions like food or fluid. The first-aid providing person applies thrusts in quick and in upward motion at the patient’s abdomen. The objective is to expel the object stuck at the trachea (windpipe). Standing behind the victim, the person keeps both his arms across the patient’s waist. Then, he places the fist of one hand below the rib cage and a bit above the navel. All the while, he keeps the thumb against the patient’s body. He uses the other hand for holding the fist and for applying pressure. Next, he puts quick pressure on the abdomen. The pressure is put in an inward and an upward motion. This fast recurrent action forces the lung air to get rid of the substance blocking the windpipe. However, in cases where the patient cannot stand still, is overweight, faints following the choking effect, the Heimlich maneuver is done in a different manner. The patient is made to lie face down. The first-aid provider carries on the process with the heel of a hand. Important: Nonetheless, it is important that the person does not put undue pressure on the rib cage. This is especially true when the patient is a child or an elderly person. Too much pressure can break ribs. Pertaining to pregnant woman or overweight people, the first-aid provider must place his hands only on the lower half of the breastbone (sternum) while carrying out the maneuver. In acute choking, tracheotomy (a surgical procedure) is undertaken to carry out bypass of the larynx. This operation brings in air to the trachea. TRACHEA, BRONCHI, AND BRONCHIOLES The trachea is another tube measuring approximately six inches (15 cm). The trachea is located below the larynx. From the larynx the air passes on to the trachea. About 20 sturdy C-shaped cartilage rings constitute the trachea. These rings help to keep the trachea open. In the process, air gets transported unhindered. While the unfastened cartilage is located at the trachea’s back portion, their ends are linked to each other by muscle tissues. Bronchi & bronchioles: The trachea base is situated at the portion where the neck meets the body trunk. At this juncture, the trachea splits into the right and the left bronchi. These bronchi transport air to the right and left lungs respectively. Inside the lungs, these bronchi again break up into smaller tubes -- the bronchioles. In fact, the respiratory system’s cleansing process is carried out by those bronchioles that are situated at the initial part, bronchi, and the trachea. These organs carry out the cleansing process via the mucous membrane linings as well as the ciliated cells. These cilia and the lining push the mucus upward towards the pharynx. Alveoli & capillaries: Alveoli are minute sacs inside the lungs. Most of the alveoli are lung tissues. Alveoli are formed by the bronchioles as they divide several times. The alveoli along with the bronchioles resemble a tree. The alveoli are only 0.02 inches (0.5 mm) in diameter. There are about 150 million alveoli in each lung. The alveoli carry out a dual function. While providing oxygen to the circulatory system, they also remove carbon dioxide from the lungs. The thin elastic alveoli walls expand when air moves into them. The walls collapse to exhale the air. The alveoli remain in clusters like the grapes. Each cluster is surrounded by capillaries. The capillaries are thin-walled and form a dense net of tiny hairs. The alveoli wall air is generally located 0.2 microns away from the blood carried by the capillary. Mentionably, the alveoli have more oxygen concentration then the capillaries. So, oxygen disseminates to capillaries from alveoli. Through the capillaries, oxygen goes to the larger vessels. These vessels then transport the oxygenated blood to the heart. Next, the heart pumps the cleaned blood to the other parts of the body. Macrophages: Among the alveoli are interspersed many macrophages. The macrophages are blood cells. These large white cells act as the last sentinels of the respiratory system among the alveoli. The macrophages segregate the foreign elements which may have passed through the earlier filtration process. This last line of defense ensures that the alveoli are not infected. Carbon dioxide disposal: The cells from across the body dump Carbon dioxide as a waste product. It is dumped in the bloodstream. The blood carries Carbon dioxide into the heart. From the heart, the Carbon dioxide moves to the alveolar capillaries. Notably, the capillaries have more concentration of carbon dioxide than the alveoli. So, carbon dioxide gets diffused into the alveoli from the capillaries. When a person exhales, the Carbon dioxide is forced back via the respiratory routes. The gas is then thrown outside the body.